JobReady4U- Incubating your dream | India's First Job Portal for Freshers

Home | Help

Prev<< See More Youniverse >>Next

February 2010


	By The Numbers
	India ranks number four in the world with 81 million internet users which is 7% of its total population and 4.7% of total internet users in the world.


	Exams alert
	MAT 2010 for admission to MBA will be conducted by All India Management Association (AIMA) Test on 7th Feb 2010 and Online Test From 13th Feb 2010 onwards in three time slots per day.


	Thus Spake
	Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence.
	- Robert Frost

	Interesting Facts

	Pea crabs (the size of a pea) are the smallest crabs in the world. A giraffe can clean its ears with its 50cm (20 in) tongue. Charles Macintosh invented the waterproof coat, the Mackintosh, in 1823. Music was sent down a telephone line for the first time in 1876, the year the phone was invented.
	More>>

	Did you know

	Google Quantum Algorithm: Google has developed a quantum algorithm that is capable of automatically recognizing and sorting objects from videos or still images. This has been achieved by using physics that exists at the subatomic level. Several research teams have been working on the development of quantum processors that can store data as quantum bits. These quantum bits represent both the 0 and 1 that are used in the binary computer language simultaneously. That dual possibility state allows for much more efficient processing and information storage. To consider an example given by Google, an average computer requires 500,000 peeks to find a particular object hidden in one of a million drawers on an average.

	More >>

	E Learning through 3G

	E-learning stands for electronic learning which is an approach of delivering education using computers and communication technologies, such technologies include internet, CD-ROMs, Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs), Mobile phones and any electronic device that can be used to deliver education or training. E-learning can be presented through several means starting from computer software to internet websites and Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) which is an application that are specially designed for e-learning, these VLEs simulate classrooms and can be used by hundreds and thousands of students to facilitate their learning process.
	More >>

Smile Please..!

Sixth Sense

Two cowboys came upon an Indian lying on his stomach with his ear to the ground.

One of the cowboys stops and says to the other, "You see that Indian?"

"Yeah," says the other cowboy.

"Look," says the first one, "He's listening to the ground. He can hear things for miles in any direction."

Just then the Indian looks up. "Covered wagon," he says, "About two miles away. Have two horses, one brown, one white. Man, woman, child, furniture in wagon ..."

"Incredible!" says the cowboy to his friend. "This Indian knows how far away they are how many horses, what color, what's in the wagon -- just amazing!"

The Indian looks up and says, "Ugh ... not amazing ... wagon ran ... over me ... 30 minutes ago!"

----------------------------------------------

All The Details

A little woman called "Mount Sainai" Hospital. She said "Mount Sainai Hospital? Hello, Dearie. I'd like to talk with the person who gives the information about the patients. But I don't want to know if the patient is better or doing like expected, or worse. I want all the information from top to bottom, soup to nuts, from A to Z."

The voice on the other line said, "Would you hold the line please, that's quite an unusual request."

Then a very authoritative voice came on and said, "Are you the lady who is calling about one of the patients?"

She said, "Yes, dearie! Thank you! Now, I'd like to know the information about Serena Hossleberg in Room 622."

He said, "OK give me minute to bring up that file..."

Ok here we are... Now, Mrs. Hossleberg is doing very well. In fact, she's had two full meals; her doctor says if she continues improving as she is, he is going to send her home next Thursday." The woman said, "Thank God! That's wonderful! She's going home next Thursday! I'm so happy to hear that. That's wonderful, wonderful news!"

The guy on the other end says, "From your enthusiasm, I take it you must be one of the close family."

She said, "What close family? I AM Serena Hossleberg!! My silly doctor just won't tell me anything."

From The Editors Desk

Heartiest Greetings!

In this issue of Youniverse, we have presented an article on "E Learning through 3G" the article provides Introduction, E-learning processes and systems, Benefits of 3G Technology in E– Learning and Conclusion

Our regular section on "Exam Alerts" informs you of the important dates of the upcoming entrance examinations. The section on "Complex simplicities" provides an introduction to the concepts of Server Massage Block and Expansion Card.

More >>

Complex Simplicities

Server Message Block

In computer networking, Server Message Block (SMB), also known as Common Internet File System, (CIFS) operates as an application-layer network protocol mainly used to provide shared access to files, printers, serial ports, and miscellaneous communications between nodes on a network. It also provides an authenticated inter-process communication mechanism. Most usage of SMB involves computers running Microsoft Windows, where it is often known as "Microsoft Windows Network".

SMB works through a client-server approach, where a client makes specific requests and the server responds accordingly. One section of the SMB protocol specifically deals with access to file systems, such that clients may make requests to a file server; but some other sections of the SMB protocol specialize in inter-process communication (IPC). SMB (Server Message Block) servers make their file systems and other resources available to clients on the network. Client computers may want access to the shared file systems and printers on the server, and in this primary functionality

More >>

Expansion Card

An expansion card (also expansion board, adapter card or accessory card) in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard to add additional functionality to a computer system. One edge of the expansion card holds the contacts (the edge connector) that fit exactly into the slot. They establish the electrical contact between the electronics (mostly integrated circuits) on the card and on the motherboard. Connectors mounted on the bracket allow the connection of external devices to the card. Depending on the form factor of the motherboard and case, around one to seven expansion cards can be added to a computer system. In the case of a back plane system, up to 19 expansion cards can be installed. There are also other factors involved in expansion card capacity. For example, some expansion cards need two slots like some nVidia GeForce FX and newer GeForce graphics cards and there is often a space left to aid cooling on some high-end cards.

More >>

top


Interesting Facts





	Pea crabs (the size of a pea) are the smallest crabs in the world.

	A giraffe can clean its ears with its 50cm (20 in) tongue.

	Charles Macintosh invented the waterproof coat, the Mackintosh, in 1823.

	Music was sent down a telephone line for the first time in 1876, the year the phone was invented.

	The 1st feature-length animated film, released by Disney Studios in 1937, was "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs."

	The first pick-up truck in the world was made by Gottlieb Daimler in 1886. Gottlieb produced the world's first motorcycle in 1885.

	It was the Romans who made the first popsicle. They took some ice and added flavors to it and then licked it.

	A hummingbird's heart beats 615 beats in a minute.

	Larger parrots such as the macaws and cockatoos live more than 75 years. Smaller parrots live 10 to 15 years.

	The fastest flying butterfly is the Monarch, which has been clocked with a speed as high as 17 miles per hour. Night butterflies have ears on their wings so they can avoid bats.

	Vasaloppet, which is located in Sweden is the oldest, longest, and the biggest cross-country ski race in the world. Every year, 14,000 people compete in the race.

	In the Netherlands, there are special traffic lanes for bicycles. There are approximately 17,000 kms of cycle lanes with special bicycle traffic lights.

top

Did you know

Google Quantum Algorithm: Google has developed a quantum algorithm that is capable of automatically recognizing and sorting objects from videos or still images. This has been achieved by using physics that exists at the subatomic level. Several research teams have been working on the development of quantum processors that can store data as quantum bits. These quantum bits represent both the 0 and 1 that are used in the binary computer language simultaneously. That dual possibility state allows for much more efficient processing and information storage. To consider an example given by Google, an average computer requires 500,000 peeks to find a particular object hidden in one of a million drawers on an average. But such a quantum computer could locate the position of the ball by just peeking into 1000 out of the million drawers.

Nostradamus: Nostradamus real name was Michel de Nostredame (French origin). Was born on December 14 1503 in the area of Saint-Remy-de Provence (located in southern France) and died on July 2 1566. Although his fame is due to the prophecies, Nostradamus was a doctor and pharmacist quite appreciated at the time. He had published poems since the year 1555 under the original name of "Les Propheties" (The Prophecies). The Legend says that in several nights before the birth of Nostradamus celestial activity was extremely important. The Thessaloniki archives, the city where the great prophet spent his last days, still keeps the records of stories about the existence of shining objects in the sky above the city Saint-Remy de Provence. The great prophet was incredibly smart, while still very young he learn more languages and higher mathematics. At 23 years became a licensed doctor has received her doctorate later almost effortlessly. Nostradamus predicted the world will end in 3797. According to the New York Times, in the days following the 9/11 attacks, the top search term on Google was "Nostradamus."

Bermuda Triangle: Some people believe that the laws of physics do not apply in the Bermuda Triangle. It is one of the two places in the world where the compass needle does not show the true north, magnetic compass needle does not show the real north. Reports about strange disappearances from this area date back before 1950. It is an oceanic region that swallows ships and planes. Bermuda Triangle early history, dates from 16.09.1950, with an article that talked about the disappearances of ships and aircraft between Florida and Bermuda. In the ensuing years have appeared all sorts of assumptions, about who should be responsible (aliens) and the number of "victims", from 1955 till now. True Triangle Bermuda began in 5/12/1945, with the famous extinction "Flight 19". Five bombers planes mysteriously disappeared along with other aircraft which came to search them. These 6 planes and 27 people was not found until today. However, we can not say with certainty if the story is real or is just a legend. The most extinctions can be explained rationally yet we do not know exactly the reasons of the extinctions in the region.

top

E Learning through 3G

Introduction

E-learning stands for electronic learning which is an approach of delivering education using computers and communication technologies, such technologies include internet, CD-ROMs, Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs), Mobile phones and any electronic device that can be used to deliver education or training.

E-learning can be presented through several means starting from computer software to internet websites and Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) which is an application that are specially designed for e-learning, these VLEs simulate classrooms and can be used by hundreds and thousands of students to facilitate their learning process.

3G is the third generation of tele-standards and technology for mobile networking, superseding 2.5G. It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards under the IMT-2000.

3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment.

E-learning processes and systems

Although the focus of e-learning should be on delivering learning outcomes for people and organizations, much of the popular literature on the subject is preoccupied with the deployment of specific technologies. It begins by focusing on the crucial issue of how people communicate and learn in an electronic environment. This leads into an appraisal of some widely held ideas about the potential for creating modular ‘learning objects’, which in turn serves as background for a discussion of the terms used to describe the technologies that have been developed to implement and manage e-learning.

Like any learning process, e-learning depends on effective communication of human knowledge, whether this occurs in a face-to-face classroom or across the Internet. The medium alone does not create the message. The effectiveness of e-learning also depends on establishing two-way communication between teachers and learners, and among learners themselves. Unfortunately, when e-learning was first popularised, it was widely promoted as a means of minimizing costs by delivering pre-packaged content to large populations of learners by means of electronic networks or CD-ROMs. Such an approach relies on one-way communication from teacher to learner, attenuating the learning experience. It views learners as atomized individuals and fails to take into account the social context in which learning occurs. Above all, it does not engage learners actively in the process of learning. On the other hand, online technologies can also be used to foster interactive and collaborative engagement. This can be either synchronous or asynchronous: learners and instructors may either have regular, scheduled sessions whether they all ‘meet’ simultaneously online, or (more commonly) use electronic forums to exchange ideas in their own time. The most familiar form of synchronous electronic communication is realtime two way text-based online chat, which is widely used in e-learning. More sophisticated forms of synchronous instruction include virtual classrooms, which use information and communication technologies to mimic a traditional classroom environment. This may involve video conferencing or the use of shared electronic whiteboards, which allow learning materials to be created and modified in real time, either by the instructor or the learners.

The use of virtual classrooms has considerable cost advantages for many organizations. The logistics of organizing face-to-face classroom training can account for as much as 40 per cent of corporate training budgets. On the other hand, virtual classrooms have several drawbacks. They require learners to have access to fast, reliable networks and reasonably sophisticated computing facilities. Learning in a virtual classroom also tends to be instructor-led rather than based on participatory, two-way communication. Above all, virtual classrooms share many of the limitations of the conventional classroom in that they require learners to be online at a particular time. This negates one of the major advantages of electronic communication, which is its ability to offer flexible access. By contrast, asynchronous instruction allows participants to control their own timetables and fit learning around their other commitments. This is a major bonus, especially for adult learners who lead complicated lives. Many of the technologies used in asynchronous e-learning also permit two way communication between learners and instructors, or multi-directional, collaborative communication among learners themselves.

These are some of the communication technologies most commonly used in asynchronous e-learning:

	Email is the most common form of electronic information exchange

	Collaborative learning forums promote learner interaction through message boards, where students can post questions and answers; text chat or forums, where learners can communicate outside the main classroom; and threaded discussions, where facilitators and students can discuss a given topic and review each other’s responses

	E-boards allow learners and instructors to create images, text and information and present them to other participants

	Application sharing allows instructors and learners to work collaboratively on the same learning materials, either simultaneously or in sequence. Participants can see what is happening at all times

	Simulations or virtual laboratories permit learners to work in teams to construct projects and complete them at their preferred pace

	Library/learning session cache access provides access to archived text, presentations, video, audio and data files. This is especially useful for revision or for reviewing synchronous learning sessions a student may have missed

	Real-time tests and evaluation can be triggered at agreed times or completed at the learner’s own pace

	Video and audio streaming can be used to disseminate information to learners, and can also enable learners to see and speak with the facilitator via the Internet rather than by telephone

From the instructor’s point of view, e-learning also offers classroom management technologies that permit instructors to log students into ‘classes’, establish work groups, manage interaction between students and receive feedback in real time. Other support services include real-time reporting on learners’ progress, timetabling, tracking student and teacher activities, and authoring tools for generating content. Asynchronous learning can be designed to develop both cognitive and performance skills, engaging learners in a ‘cognitive apprenticeship’. This supports an educational philosophy in which learners are active players in the process of learning. Learner surveys consistently suggest that four benefits are seen as the critical deliverables when designing online learning as compared with other forms of technology-based learning.

E-learning in 3G technologies

3G and wifi allow groups of learners to work together in a mutually convenient location. There are many opportunities for learners to access learning wherever they are, connectivity and mobile devices allow learners to access learning as we have already seen when traveling, but also when waiting or queuing.

E-learning depends mainly on electronic devices like computers, PDAs and mobile phones powered by 3G technology (Mobile Learning) and the use of networks and communication technologies like wireless networks and GPRS (General Pocket Radio Service) to connect students together with their peers and with their tutors.

Third-generation (3G) mobile technologies such as CDMA-2000 and wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) can transmit data at speeds of up to two megabytes per second. At such speeds, mobile phones will be able to offer a vast array of new services.

E-learning technologies encompass three main areas of activity:

	Content creation and management: the sourcing, creation, storage and management of e-learning content — functions typically addressed by a learning content management system (LCMS)

	Learning management: the capture and application of information about learning resources, existing skills and learning activities to measure and manage learning outcomes at the organizational level — functions typically addressed by a learning management system (LMS) and

	Learning activity: the delivery of e-learning content, facilitating interaction and learning assessment — functions typically performed by instructors or trainers

Three fundamental criteria for e-learning through 3G are:

	It is networked, which makes it capable of instant updating, storage/ retrieval, distribution and sharing of instruction and information

	It is delivered to the end user via a computer using standard Internet and intranet technology

	It focuses on the broadest view of learning — learning that goes beyond traditional paradigms of training

Benefits of 3G Technology in E - Learning

	3G services will enable video broadcast and data-intensive services Example: stock transactions

	E-learning and telemedicine through wireless communications in a fast speed

Conclusion

Even in the late 1990s, the mobile technologies that now carry 30 per cent of all Internet traffic had not been envisaged. Software applications, Hardware capabilities and even fixed-line networks are in a state of flux. All these changes will have significant implications for e-learning through 3G. According to both aggressive and conservative forecasts of business opportunities, learning is expected to be a major ‘product and service’ for many years to come. To restrict the definition of e-learning to Internet connections via networked computers is to ignore mobile devices and emerging forms of networks and wireless technologies. E-learning involves all forms of ICT, across all dimensions of the learning process. E-learning through 3G shall mark the advent of new technologies and tools facilitating the learners and instructors. Be it a part of the wider mosaic of learning, knowledge management or information exchange within an electronic environment, 3G shall play a crucial role.

top

Server Message Block

SMB works through a client-server approach, where a client makes specific requests and the server responds accordingly. One section of the SMB protocol specifically deals with access to file systems, such that clients may make requests to a file server; but some other sections of the SMB protocol specialize in inter-process communication (IPC). SMB (Server Message Block) servers make their file systems and other resources available to clients on the network. Client computers may want access to the shared file systems and printers on the server, and in this primary functionality SMB has become best-known and most heavily used.

The SMB "Inter-Process Communication" (IPC) system provides named pipes and was one of the first inter-process mechanisms commonly available to programmers that provide a means for services to inherit the authentication carried out when a client first connected to an SMB server. The design of Server Message Block version 2 (SMB2) aims to mitigate this performance-limitation by coalescing SMB signals into single packets. SMB supports opportunistic locking a special type of locking-mechanism on files in order to improve performance. SMB serves as the basis for Microsoft's Distributed File System implementation.

top

Expansion Card

The primary purpose of an expansion card is to provide or expand on features not offered by the motherboard. For example, the original IBM PC did not provide graphics or hard drive capability as the technology for providing that on the motherboard did not exist. In that case, a graphics expansion card and an ST-506 hard disk controller card provided graphics capability and hard drive interface respectively. In the case of expansion of on-board capability, a motherboard may provide a single serial RS232 port or Ethernet port. An expansion card can be installed to offer multiple RS232 ports or multiple and higher bandwidth Ethernet ports. In this case, the motherboard provides basic functionallity but the expansion card offers additional or enhanced ports.

top

From The Editors Desk

Kayalvizhi M.S

Email - kayal@mindlogicx.com

Heartiest Greetings!

Our regular section on "Exam Alerts" informs you of the important dates of the upcoming entrance examinations. The section on "Complex simplicities" provides an introduction to the concepts of Server Massage Block and Expansion Card.

We hope you would find the information presented in this issue of Youniverse interesting and useful.

We welcome your thought, views, comments & suggestions to share information as knowledge.

Editor

top

Feedback


	Please provide us with your feedback on how you feel about the Youniverse newsletter.You can also send us your queries on the VEDAS services.	top


	Email to info@vedaslive.com