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By The Numbers |
A total of 3,11,258 candidates appeared in IIT JEE conducted on April 13, 2008 out of which 8,652 candidates were declared qualified to seek admissions.
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Exams alert |
IIT JEE 2009 will be conducted on 12th April 2009. The application forms will be available for sale between 19th Nov 09 to 24 Dec 09. Last date of receipt of completed application forms is 24 Dec 2009. |
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Thus Spake |
The whole art of teaching is only the art of awakening the natural curiosity of young minds for the purpose of satisfying it afterwards. |
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Interesting Facts |
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Chlorine is a deadly poison in its pure form, yet we eat it all the time. Chlorine is an element, just like iron or oxygen, but it never occurs in nature by itself. It is most commonly found mixed with the element sodium in a compound called sodium chloride
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Did you know |
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The Age of The Universe: After several debates, astronomers have determined the age of the universe by using a Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. By examining the microwave background radiation that WMAP provided, astronomers were able to pin down the age of the universe, accurate to 1%, to 13.7 billion years old. |
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The world of Web Browsers |
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A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web. The word "browser" seems to have originated prior to the Web as a generic term for user interfaces that let you browse (navigate through and read) text files online. |
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Smile Please..! |
Dead Lawyer |
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A woman and her little girl were visiting the grave of the little girl's grandmother. On their way through the cemetery back to the car, the little girl asked, "Mommy, do they ever bury two people in the same grave?"
"Of course not, dear." replied the mother, "Why would you think that?"
"The tombstone back there said, 'Here lies a lawyer and an honest man".
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The fence was too high
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A kangaroo kept getting out of his enclosure at the zoo. Knowing that he could hop high, the zoo officials put up a ten-foot fence. He was out the next morning, just roaming around the zoo. A twenty-foot fence was put up. Again he went out. When the fence was forty feet high, a camel in the next enclosure asked the kangaroo, "How high do you think they'll go?"
The kangaroo said, "About a thousand feet, unless somebody locks the gate at night!"
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Operation
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Patient: "Will i survive this risky operation?"
Surgeon: "Yes I'm absolutely sure that you will survive the operation".
Patient: How can you be so sure?"
Surgeon: "9 out of 10 patients die in this operation, and just yesterday my ninth patient died!"
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From The Editors Desk |
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Heartiest Greetings!
In this issue of Youniverse, we have presented an article on “The world of web browsers“. Over the time web browsers have evolved from the text based user interface to the huge graphic multitasking engines that have contributed a lot to the evolution of the web and web-applications. The recent launch of Chrome by Google is expected to initiate a new round of browser wars among current market players. This will benefit the end users, in terms of usability and versatility of the omni-present web applications in this connected world.
More >>
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Complex Simplicities |
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Software As A Service (SAAS)
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Software as a service (SaaS), is a model of software deployment where an application is hosted as a service provided to customers across the Internet. By eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, SaaS alleviates the customer's burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. Conversely, customers relinquish control over software versions or changing requirements; moreover, costs to use the service become a continuous expense, rather than a single expense at time of purchase. Using SaaS also can conceivably reduce the up-front expense of software purchases, through less costly, on-demand pricing.
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Enterprise application integrations |
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Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) is defined as the uses of software and computer systems architectural principles to integrate a set of enterprise computer applications. Any EA System serves the purpose of data integration, process integration, vendor independence and provides a common facade for a cluster of applications within an enterprise.
It ensures that the information in multiple systems is kept consistent. In addition, linking business processes across applications becomes easy. |
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Interesting Facts |
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Chlorine is a deadly poison in its pure form, yet we eat it all the time. Chlorine is an element, just like iron or oxygen, but it never occurs in nature by itself. It is most commonly found mixed with the element sodium in a compound called sodium chloride — which is the chemical name for ordinary table salt. So when we eat chlorine, we eat it mixed with sodium, and in that form chlorine is harmless. |
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"Book" comes from the word liber. Liber is a Latin name that the Romans used for the thin layer of stuff that is found between the wood and bark of a tree. The Romans used to peel the layer away from the tree and use it as paper to write on. |
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The rhinoceros's horn is made of the same stuff found in our hair and fingernails which is called keratin. It also contains something called gelatin. |
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The longest distance a deepwater lobster has been recorded to travel is 225 miles |
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The Tonle Sap River in Cambodia flows north for almost half the year and then south for the rest of the year. |
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The stomach acids found in a snakes stomach can digest bones and teeth but not fur or hair |
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Sea turtles absorb a lot of salt from the sea water in which they live. They excrete excess salt from their eyes, so it often looks as though they're crying. |
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Pepsi-Cola was invented by Caleb Bradham in 1890 as "Brad's Drink" as a digestive aid and energy booster. In was renamed as Pepsi-Cola in 1898. |
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The first kind of PENCIL was a bunch of GRAPHITE sticks held together by string. Then someone decided it would be better to push the graphite into the inside of a hollow wooden stick. Joseph Rechendorfer was the first person to think of putting a piece of rubber onto the top of a pencil which makes it real easy to rub out mistakes. |
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Did you know |
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The Age of The Universe: After several debates, astronomers have determined the age of the universe by using a Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. By examining the microwave background radiation that WMAP provided, astronomers were able to pin down the age of the universe, accurate to 1%, to 13.7 billion years old. |
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Facts about George Washington: On February 22, 1732 George Washington was born. George Washington was the only of all Founding Fathers to free his slaves. Marijuana was the primary crop grown by George Washington at Mount Vernon. He was the first Mason to serve as president. Washington rejected a movement among army officers to make him king of the United States. Washington is the only president who was elected unanimously. |
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Invention of Zero: Zero was invented in India by Indian mathematicians dating as early as 5th century. They widely used it in calculations, astronomy and astrology. Zero was spread by Arabians to the Europe and there on it was spread all over. Before this, all Europeans used roman numerical which were difficult to calculate on as they were in the form of Symbols, lengthy and had limits. |
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Chocolates: Milk chocolate was invented by Daniel Peter, who sold the concept to his neighbour Henri Nestlé. Chocolate is the number one foodstuff flavour in the world, beating vanilla and banana by 3-to-1. The pleasant feeling of eating chocolate is caused by a chemical called anadamide, a neurotransmitter which also is produced naturally in the brain. In 1973, Swedish confectionery salesman Roland Ohisson was buried in a coffin made entirely of chocolate. |
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Book of Maps called Atlas: Atlas was a Greek god who supposedly held up the earth on his shoulders. The Greeks usually represented him supporting two huge pillars that held up the earth, and these pillars rested in the sea we call the Atlantic Ocean, named after Atlas. In later centuries, the figure of Atlas holding up the earth was often used at the front of a book of maps. So, a book of maps became known as an atlas. |
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Flying Fish: A flying fish can glide through the air for 10 to 20 feet farther if it has a decent tailwind. It holds its outstretched pectoral fins steady and "sails" through the air, using much the same action as a flying squirrel. Flying Fish is available in the Atlantic, Indian, or Pacific oceans, where there are more than 50 species of flying fish. |
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The world of Web Browsers |
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What is a Web Browser |
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A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web. The word "browser" seems to have originated prior to the Web as a generic term for user interfaces that let you browse (navigate through and read) text files online.
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Technically, a Web browser is a client program that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to make requests of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user. Most browsers support e-mail and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) but a Web browser is not required for those Internet protocols and more specialized client programs are more popular. |
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A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music, games and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. Text and images on a Web page can contain hyperlinks to other Web pages at the same or different website. Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information provided on many Web pages at many websites by traversing these links. Web browsers format HTML information for display, so the appearance of a Web page may differ between browsers. |
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Web browsers are the most commonly used type of HTTP user agent. Although browsers are typically used to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or content in file systems. |
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History and beginning of browser wars |
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In the early 1990s, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, an Internet-based hypertext system which quickly became popular and defeated rivals including Hypercard and Gopher. Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser WorldWideWeb, later renamed Nexus to avoid confusion, and released it in 1991 for the NeXTstep platform. |
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By the end of 1992, many other browsers appeared, many of them based on the libwww library. These included many Unix browsers as well as Samba for the Mac. This resulted in some choice among browsers and the first real competition among them, especially on Unix which now had several different graphical and text browsers available. |
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In 1993 more browsers were released. The most notable of these, however, was the multiplatform Mosaic, developed at NCSA. Mosaic's new features caught the attention of many. One of the Mosaic developers, Marc Andreessen, founded the company Mosaic Communications Corporation and created a new web browser named Mosaic Netscape. To resolve legal issues with NCSA, the company was renamed Netscape Communications Corporation and the browser Netscape Navigator. The Netscape browser improved on Mosaic's usability and reliability - as well as boasting the then-impressive feature of being able to display pages as they loaded. By 1995, helped by the fact that the browser was free for non-commercial use, the browser dominated the emerging World Wide Web. |
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By 1995, Netscape faced some new competition from Microsoft's Internet Explorer 1.0, but continued to dominate. By 1996, the market had exploded with half a dozen new browsers as well as updates to older browsers, with Netscape releasing version 2.0 and 3.0 that year. Netscape was on top, but soon faced heavy competition from Internet Explorer in 1997. |
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New versions of Netscape Navigator (later bundled with applications and branded Netscape Communicator) and Internet Explorer were released at a rapid pace over the following few years. Development was rapid and new features were added to one-up their competitors - notably, this included the emergence of the similar-but-incompatible JavaScript implementations (the one in IE being called JScript), as well as proprietary HTML tags such as the notorious Blink and Marquee elements. The introduction of new features often took priority over bug fixes, and therefore the browser wars were a time of unstable browsers, shaky Web-standards compliance, frequent crashes, and many security holes. |
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Internet Explorer only began to approach par with its competition with version 3.0 (1996), which offered scripting support and the market's first commercial Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) implementation. |
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In October 1997, Internet Explorer 4.0 was released. Internet Explorer 4 changed the tides of the browser wars. It was faster and adopted the W3C's published specifications more faithfully than Netscape Navigator 4.0. Unlike Netscape, it provided the possibility for truly "dynamic" pages in which the flow of the text and images of the page could be altered after the page was loaded. Installing Internet Explorer 4.0 was considered as a system upgrade that would provide more capabilities such as MP3 playback and, optionally, the Windows Desktop Update. Internet Explorer 4 also integrated itself into the operating system, a move broadly criticized, especially by IT professionals and industry critics, variously for being technologically disadvantageous and an apparent exploitation of Microsoft's OS near-monopoly on the PC platform with Windows in order to push uneducated users to become IE users simply because IE was "already there" on their PCs. |
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Browser wars in current times |
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Internet Explorer became the new dominant browser, attaining a peak of about 96% of the web browser usage share during 2002, more than Netscape had at its peak. |
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The first browser war ended with Internet Explorer having no remaining serious competition for its market share. This also brought an end to the rapid innovation in web browsers; until 2006 there was only one new version of Internet Explorer since version 6.0 had been released in 2001. Internet Explorer 6.0 Service Pack 1 was developed as part of Windows XP SP1, and integrated into Windows Server 2003. Further enhancements were made to Internet Explorer in Windows XP SP2 (released in 2004), including a pop-up blocker and stronger default security settings against the installation of ActiveX controls. |
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After the defeat of Netscape by Internet Explorer, Netscape open-sourced their browser code, which led to the formation of the Mozilla Foundation—a primarily community-driven project to create a successor to Netscape. Development continued for several years with little widespread adoption until a stripped-down browser-only version of the full suite was created, featuring new ideas such as tabbed browsing and a separate search bar. The browser-only version was initially named Phoenix though because of copyrights that name was changed to Firebird and then finally, for the same reason again, to Firefox. This browser became the focus of the Mozilla Foundation's development efforts and Mozilla Firefox 1.0 was released on 9 November 2004, since when it has continued to gain an increasing share of the browser market. |
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Opera had been a long-time small player in the browser wars, known for introducing innovative features such as tabbed browsing and mouse gestures, as well as being lightweight but feature-rich. The software, however, was commercial, which hampered its adoption compared to its free rivals until 2005, when the browser became freeware. On 20 June 2006, Opera Software released Opera 9 including an integrated source viewer, a BitTorrent client implementation, widgets, and which passed the Acid2 test - the first Windows browser to do so. Opera Mini, a mobile browser, has significant mobile market share. |
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On 18 October 2006, Microsoft released Internet Explorer 7. It included tabbed browsing, a search bar, a phishing filter, and improved support for Web standards - all features familiar to Opera and Firefox users. Microsoft distributed Internet Explorer 7 to genuine Windows users (WGA) as a high priority update through Windows Update. Typical market share analysis showed only a slow uptake of Internet Explorer 7, and after statistics in September 2007 from w3schools.com showed Mozilla Firefox at 35.4% had taken over from Internet Explorer 6 at 34.9% as the most popular browser with Internet Explorer 7 lagging behind in third place at 20.8%, Microsoft dropped the requirement for WGA and made Internet Explorer 7 available to all Windows users in October 2007. |
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In 2003, Apple had begun work on a new browser to replace the discontinued Internet Explorer for Mac. Basing the rendering engine on the open-source KHTML rendering engine from the Konqueror project, Apple created the WebKit project and a browser named Safari, which shipped with Mac OS X v10.3 later that year. On 6 June 2007, Apple released a beta version of Safari 3 for Microsoft Windows. |
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| A new kid on the block - Google Chrome Web |
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There’s a new browser kid on the block put out by Google called Chrome |
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| Specifications of Google Chrome: |
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Built for Web applications rather than Web pages. |
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Has its own JavaScript engine to power web applications. |
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Uses browser tabs that get their own URL box making each tab a browser window |
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Chrome defaults to a page featuring the four most used search engines and the user’s nine most visited Web pages |
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Chrome has an “Incognito” mode to erase browser history when the browser is closed |
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Chrome can be “streamlined” so that the toolbar and URL box are hidden and only the web page is shown on the screen |
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Good security. Chrome sandboxes Web pages, preventing drive-by downloads and installations |
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Continuously makes contact with Google to update a list of known malware sites in order to warn the user. |
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One box for everything - type in address bar and get suggestions for both search and web pages. |
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Thumbnails of your top sites - access your favorite pages instantly from any new tab. |
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Shortcuts for your applications - get desktop shortcuts to launch your favorite web applications. |
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Available only for Windows for now, Google plans to release versions for Mac and Linux as well. |
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Users less memory that competing browsers |
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| Some Statistics |
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Google released a beta version of a new open source browser called Chrome for Microsoft Windows on 2 September 2008. Mac OS X and Linux versions are still under development. Although not officially released, figures from NetApplications attribute to Chrome a usage share that averaged 0.77 % during the 17th to the 23rd September 2008. |
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NetApplications further reports that, as of August 2008, Internet Explorer had 72% market share compared with Firefox's 20% and Safari's 6%, leaving Opera and all the others sharing the remaining 2%. |
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| Conclusions |
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Google's Web browser Chrome is fast, has a clean interface and some snazzy features that other browsers do not have. Google has recently come out with many products and solutions that are in direct competititon with that of Microsoft. Google's own online office programmes -- dubbed Google docs -- may one day be in direct competition with Microsoft's lucrative Office platform. |
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Chrome is different in quite a few ways. It looks different, first of all. The interface is virtually bereft of the clutter that accompanies other browsers. There's no menu bar in Chrome, nor is there a tool bar or status bar. Chrome launches faster than IE or Firefox. Performance while you're working with particular websites is about the same. As soon as Google announced the release of Chrome Beta, Microsoft’s next browerser version IE 8.0 is around the corner. |
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In the near future, it needs to be seen which product prevails and comes best upto the user requirements. But one thing is sure, these new announcement and releases of web browsers will surely contribute a lot to the evolution of the web based applications and improvement of the user experience on the web. |
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Software As A Service (SAAS) |
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Software as a service (SaaS), is a model of software deployment where an application is hosted as a service provided to customers across the Internet. By eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, SaaS alleviates the customer's burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. Conversely, customers relinquish control over software versions or changing requirements; moreover, costs to use the service become a continuous expense, rather than a single expense at time of purchase. Using SaaS also can conceivably reduce the up-front expense of software purchases, through less costly, on-demand pricing. From the software vendor's standpoint, SaaS has the attraction of providing stronger protection of its intellectual property and establishing an ongoing revenue stream. The SaaS software vendor may host the application on its own web server, or this function may be handled by a third-party application service provider (ASP). This way, end users may reduce their investment on server hardware too. |
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Various types of software components and frameworks may be employed in the development of SaaS applications. These tools can reduce the time to market and cost of converting a traditional on-premise software product or building and deploying a new SaaS solution. |
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Enterprise application integrations |
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Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) is defined as the uses of software and computer systems architectural principles to integrate a set of enterprise computer applications. Any EA System serves the purpose of data integration, process integration, vendor independence and provides a common facade for a cluster of applications within an enterprise. |
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It ensures that the information in multiple systems is kept consistent. In addition, linking business processes across applications becomes easy. An EAI system could front-end a cluster of applications, providing a single consistent access interface to these applications and shielding users from having to learn to interact with different systems. |
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Enterprise Application Integration is related to middleware technologies such as message-oriented middleware (MOM), and data representation technologies such as XML. Other EAI technologies involve using web services as part of service-oriented architecture as a means of integration. Enterprise Application Integration tends to be data centric. In the near future, it will also include content integration and business processes. |
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From The Editors Desk |
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| Kayalvizhi |
| Email - kayal@mindlogicx.com |
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| Heartiest Greetings! |
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In this issue of Youniverse, we have presented an article on “The world of web browsers“. Over the time web browsers have evolved from the text based user interface to the huge graphic multitasking engines that have contributed a lot to the evolution of the web and web-applications. The recent launch of Chrome by Google is expected to initiate a new round of browser wars among current market players. This will benefit the end users, in terms of usability and versatility of the omni-present web applications in this connected world.
Our regular section on Exam Alerts informs you of the important dates of the upcoming entrance examinations. Section on Complex simplicities provides you an introducion to the concepts of EAI and SaaS.
We hope that you would find the information presented in this issue of Youniverse interesting and useful. |
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We welcome your thought, views, comments & suggestions to share information as knowledge. |
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| Editor |
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Feedback |
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Please provide us with your feedback on how you feel about the Youniverse newsletter.You can also send us your queries on the VEDAS services. |
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